Patrones de susceptibilidad de gramnegativos en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel: 2013 vs. 2018 / Gram-negative susceptibility patterns in a tertiary pediatric hospital: 2013 vs. 2018

Resumen Introducción: Los gramnegativos continúan siendo los causantes de infecciones asociadas a la atención a la salud (IAAS). Material y métodos:: Analizamos la resistencia antimicrobiana de patógenos durante el 2013 vs. 2018 y lo comparamos con lo publicado en 2006 vs. 2012. Resultados: Identificamos nueve patógenos gramnegativos, de un total de 404 aislamientos, con una prevalencia en 2013 (N = 227 [0.22]) vs. 2018 (N = 177 [0.17]) y una incidencia por egresos (6,607 en el 2013 y 7,778 en el 2018) del 3.4 y 2.2% respectivamente. Destacaron tres patógenos: Klebsiella pneumoniae (129 [31.93%]), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (85 [21.03%]) y Escherichia coli (80 [19.80%]). Estos, llamados patógenos ESKAPE-E, prevalecieron como causantes de IAAS. Identificamos un aumento en los patrones de resistencia para muchos patógenos en 2018. Conclusión: La multirresistencia a patógenos ESKAPE-E es un serio problema de salud pública, por carecer de alternativas terapéuticas para enfrentar este reto. Los mapas de resistencia bacteriana ayudan en la prescripción antibiótica.

Abstract Background: Gram-negatives continue to be the cause of infections associated with health care (HCAI). Material and methods: We analyzed the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens during 2013 vs. 2018 and we compare it with what was published in 2006 vs. 2012. Results: We identified 9 gram-negative pathogens, out of a total of 404 isolates, with a prevalence in 2013 (N = 227 [0.22]) vs. 2018 (N = 177 [0.17]) and an incidence due to discharges (6,607 in 2013 and 7,778 in 2018) of 3.4 and 2.2%, respectively.Three pathogens stood out Klebsiella pneumoniae (129 [31.93%]), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (85 [21.03%]) and Escherichia coli (80 [19.80%]). These, called ESKAPE-E pathogens, prevailed as the cause of HCAI. We identified an increase in resistance patterns for many pathogens in 2018. Conclusion: Multi-resistance to ESKAPE-E pathogens is a serious public health problem, due to the lack of therapeutic alternatives to face this challenge. Bacterial resistance maps help in antibiotic prescription.

Factores de riesgo asociados con complicaciones que obligaron al retiro de catéteres venosos centrales de inserción periférica en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Risk factors associated with complications that required the removal of peripherally inserted central venous catheters in a tertiary pediatric hospital

Resumen: Introducción: En pediatría se reportan complicaciones del catéter central de inserción periférica (CCIP) del 30 al 40% de los casos, siendo los factores de riesgo más frecuentes la edad del paciente y la localización del CCIP. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las características de los CCIP e identificar los factores relacionados con su retiro debido a complicaciones. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes de 2 meses a 18 años de edad. Se les dio seguimiento hasta el retiro del CCIP. Se registró la edad, sexo, medicamentos administrados, localización del CCIP, calibre, número de lúmenes, días que estuvo colocado y el motivo del retiro. Se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 225 pacientes. En 33.02%, el CCIP fue retirado por alguna complicación. En el análisis bivariado, la edad y la localización fueron los factores asociados con las complicaciones. Se realizó un modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox y se identificó que solamente el grosor del calibre se asoció con cualquier complicación (razón de tasas (RT): 0.5, intervalo de confianza (IC)95%: 0.35-0.99), y la edad (RT: 1.02, IC95%: 1-1.04) solamente con el retiro del CCIP por sospecha de flebitis. Conclusiones: El 33% de los pacientes presentaron retiro del CIPP por complicaciones; solamente el calibre del CIPP y la edad de los pacientes estuvieron relacionados con este evento.

Abstract: Background: In pediatrics, complications of the peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) are reported in 30% to 40% of cases, with the most frequent risk factors being the age of the patient and the location of PICC. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of PICCs and to identify factors related to their withdrawal due to complications. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Patients from 2 months to 18 years of age were included and followed-up until PICC was withdrawn. Age, sex, medications administered, PICC location, caliber, the number of lumens, days PICC was on the patient, and the reason for withdrawal was recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Two hundred and twenty-five patients were included. In 33.02%, PICC were withdrawn due to complications. In the bivariate analysis, age and location were factors associated with complications. A Cox proportional hazards model was performed. It was identified that only the caliber thickness (hazard ratio (HR): 0.5, confidence interval (CI)95%: 0.35-0.99) was associated with any complication, and age (HR: 1.02, CI95%: 1-1.04) only to the withdrawal of PICC due to suspected phlebitis. Conclusions: PICC withdrawal due to complications was performed in 33% of the patients. Risk factors related to complications were PICC caliber thickness and age.

[Risk factors associated with complications that required the removal of peripherally inserted central venous catheters in a tertiary pediatric hospital]. / Factores de riesgo asociados con complicaciones que obligaron al retiro de catéteres venosos centrales de inserción periférica en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel.

BACKGROUND: In pediatrics, complications of the peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) are reported in 30% to 40% of cases, with the most frequent risk factors being the age of the patient and the location of PICC. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of PICCs and to identify factors related to their withdrawal due to complications. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Patients from 2 months to 18 years of age were included and followed-up until PICC was withdrawn. Age, sex, medications administered, PICC location, caliber, the number of lumens, days PICC was on the patient, and the reason for withdrawal was recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients were included. In 33.02%, PICC were withdrawn due to complications. In the bivariate analysis, age and location were factors associated with complications. A Cox proportional hazards model was performed. It was identified that only the caliber thickness (hazard ratio (HR): 0.5, confidence interval (CI)95%: 0.35-0.99) was associated with any complication, and age (HR: 1.02, CI95%: 1-1.04) only to the withdrawal of PICC due to suspected phlebitis. CONCLUSIONS: PICC withdrawal due to complications was performed in 33% of the patients. Risk factors related to complications were PICC caliber thickness and age.